Time for Moral Courage: We Must Deal With Suicides in Armed Forces

Ironically, one of the strongest organisations of our nation, our pride – the Indian Army – is downright timid in certain respects. I say this since this sturdy and powerful establishment has not had the moral courage to admit its deteriorating physical and psychological profile over the years, perhaps in order to maintain a certain kind of image in the public; but for what? And with what consequence?

The inherent stress and strain of military life is universally recognised and we have discussed it here at The Quint before – India is no different. The rigours of military duty coupled with distance from one’s family takes a toll on the health of troops, thereby exploding the myth that defence personnel enjoy a better health profile than civilians.

Closer to home, studies show that military personnel die a decade earlier than civilian employees, but then such studies are kept dormant and not given the spotlight as they should be. But it seems that the focus is more on brushing this aside and delinking it from military service and blaming ‘domestic reasons’, rather than admitting that stress and strain of service is taking a toll on the health of uniformed personnel and also leading to a rising rate of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and suicides.

Of course, this is intertwined with even the rising rate and aggravation of physical diseases, since the thread of stress and pressures of military service commonly runs across.

Why our Soldiers are Committing Suicide

• Frustation arising out of domestic problems is a major contributing factor to stress

• But the Army tends to dismiss ‘domestic issues’ to deny the soldier disability benefits
  
• Behavioural and psychiatric disorders are not taken seriously
• Even the British in the 1930s would consider suicide under certain circumstances linked to service conditions.

It goes without saying that Indian society has failed its soldiers. When a soldier is away on military duty, his or her mind is not at ease. The mind wanders. The mind is where the family is, the mind is where the local goon is troubling the parents, the mind is where the children are struggling for admissions, the mind is where the property is usurped by the neighbour, but the administration or police do not give a damn. But then all these are ‘domestic reasons’ for the Army, not realising that the stress which emanates is a direct result of military service since the person cannot be there to handle domestic commitments like his civilian peers.

To put it bluntly, these problems would not have emerged had the person not been in military service – a situation which even the Defence Minister of the country understands when he writes to State Chief Ministers elaborating that “frustration arising out of inability to resolve domestic issues is a major contributing factor to stress”.

Still, at times the Army’s medical boards or even finance and accounts officers sitting in their air-conditioned offices declare them ‘domestic reasons’, thereby washing the system’s hands off and also denying such soldiers their disability benefits, a grim reality discussed in detail in Paragraph 2.2.1 of the Raksha Mantri’s Committee of Experts of which this author too was a member.

The British were better, since even in the 1930s, they considered behavioural and psychiatric disorders in the Indian uniformed forces, including suicides under certain circumstances linked with service conditions, a stipulation which exists in the rule book even today but is very conveniently ignored by the system.

What We’re Doing Wrong

Whatever be the rate of suicide and such problems in the Army as per our perception – high or low – it’s a problem whose existence needs to be acknowledged. The situation cannot be salvaged merely by steps such as meditation and yoga and liberalised leave policy or by training General Duty Soldiers in counselling.

The situation can only be addressed if there is ample confidence in the men and women in uniform that the civil administration would be responsive back home when the family needs them; the problem would only be controlled if, within the system, there is reasonable catharsis for grievances of soldiers through more interaction between seniors and juniors, rather than the hackneyed ‘statutory’ and ‘non-statutory’ complaints which are seldom decided in time or with due application of mind; the problem would only be sufficiently taken care of when it is admitted that this is indeed is an issue that stares us in the face.

Other modern Armies are doing much better at tackling it head on. Soldiers are trained to recognise symptoms such as emotional outbursts, avoidance of interaction and other unusual behaviour. It is being imbibed that seeking help is not a sign of weakness. The US Army has embedded more than 60 behavioural health teams in operational military establishments consisting of psychologists, psychiatrists and social workers.

In our country, while the Army incorrectly thinks that their regular soldiers imparted training on counselling or psychiatrists of the Army Medical Corps can handle it, it is the Indo Tibetan Police Force (ITBP) which has shown the way and taken the apt progressive step by recruiting Education and Stress Counsellors, a specialised cadre at lower ranks specifically meant for the purpose of handling stress. Moreover, the job of identifying and addressing these issues is that of Clinical Psychologists and professional Counsellors, not of Psychiatrists. So if a person repeatedly ‘wanders out’ of the unit in a dazed state or displays irritable or erratic behaviour with his peers or seniors or suddenly starts indulging in binge drinking, the answer to it may not be a ham-handed ‘red ink entry’ or disciplinary action or throwing him out of service, but adequate care to understand the root cause.

The Solution

To sum up, the following steps are the need of the hour, in order to contain the concerns of the rising behavioural, psychiatric or disorders in the uniformed services:

• A. Admitting the deteriorating health profile due to rising stress and strain in the forces, which primarily emanates from a highly regimented lifestyle and time away from the family, along with the demanding nature of the job. It must be realised that admitting the problem is not a sign of weakness.
  
• B. Ensuring that such disorders are not blamed just upon ‘domestic reasons’, and that the organisation takes full responsibility. Moreover, transgressions by soldiers due to behavioural disorders or irregular behavioural patterns should not be dealt with by way of punishments, but through counselling or medical care.
  
• C. The States should be made to understand the gravity of the situation and district administrations be made aware of the fallout of not addressing complaints and representations of soldiers.
  
• D. Redressal of grievances should be realistic and not merely a formality through the system of formal complaints that are not decided in time or which are not satisfactorily addressed. There should be more interaction between senior and junior ranks so as to allow catharsis and vent to ease troops’ pent up emotions. Electronic forums introduced by the Indian Air Force and the Army’s Western Command are good examples of encouraging such interaction.
• E. Focus should be on counselling and clinical psychology and not on psychiatry alone. Not all such functions can be performed by psychiatrists who are medical professionals and not trained to handle these issues. Professional Counsellors at Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) level must be inducted on lines of the ITBP in all uniformed services and embedded in operational units or formations.

We must realise that the tough-looking soldier standing guard for us is as much human as any other person on the street. He or she is extraordinary in bravery but very ordinary in other human attributes – has the same family, the same feelings, the same emotions and the same problems as all of us and, of course, the same flesh and blood. It would therefore be a travesty if the response of the society or the establishment is not commensurate with his or her impeccable service.

(Major Navdeep Singh is a practicing Advocate in the Punjab & Haryana High Court. He was the founding President of the Armed Forces Tribunal Bar Association. He is a Member of the International Society for Military Law and the Law of War at Brussels. He was also a Member of a Committee of Experts constituted by the Defence Minister on directions of the Prime Minister to reduce litigation initiated by the Ministry of Defence.)