Iraqi government and Kurdish forces, backed by US-led coalition air and ground support, launched coordinated military operations early on Monday as the long-awaited fight to wrest the northern city of Mosul from Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) fighters got underway.
Two years after the jihadists seized the city of 1.5 million people and declared a caliphate from there encompassing tracts of Iraq and Syria, a force of some 30,000 Iraqi and Kurdish Peshmerga forces and Sunni tribal fighters began to advance.
Convoys of Iraqi, Kurdish and US forces could be seen moving east of Mosul into the early hours of the day. Along the front line, US-led coalition airstrikes sent plumes of smokes into the air and heavy artillery rounds could be heard.
US-led air campaign has helped push Islamic State from much of the territory it held but 4,000 to 8,000 fighters are thought to remain in Mosul.
Earlier, Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi announced the start of the operations on state television, launching the country on its toughest battle since American troops left nearly five years ago.
Iraqi Forces Meeting Objectives, Says US
The Pentagon said that Iraqi forces were meeting objectives and were ahead of schedule on the first day of the offensive.
It has also added that US military forces are behind the forward line of troops in the battle.
There have been reports on Arabic television channels of an exodus by the jihadists, who have a history of using human shields and have threatened to unleash chemical weapons.
However, residents deny such assertionts.
“Daesh are using motorcycles for their patrols to evade air detection, with pillion passengers using binoculars to check out buildings and streets,” said Abu Maher, using an Arabic acronym for Islamic State.
The commander of the coalition, US Lieutenant General Stephen Townsend, said the operation to take Iraq's second largest city would likely continue for weeks, "possibly longer".
The Pentagon played down any new role for US forces in the battle saying American personnel were behind the forward line of troops and acting in an advisory role to support Iraqis.
Americans are again playing an advisor role, an enabler role for these Iraqi forces ... Most of the American forces in Iraq are not anywhere close to the front line,”Pentagon spokesman Peter Cook
Fears of Humanitarian Crisis
But this operations to take Mosul, which fell to IS when the extremists swept across much of northern and central Iraq in the summer of 2014, has raised humanitarian concerns. Mosul is still home to a million people and aid groups fear that the fighting could cause a mass exodus that would overwhelm nearby refugee camps.
The UN says the fighting could displace at least 200,000 people. Camps have been set up to receive the displaced, but aid groups say there is only room for around 100,000. Aid officials also fear that IS could use civilians as human shields.
"Civilians who attempt to escape the city will have little choice but to take their lives into their own hands and pray that they are able to avoid snipers, land mines, booby traps and other explosives," said Aleksandar Milutinovic, the International Rescue Committee's Iraq Director.
Towards Liberation, Says Al-Abadi
"These forces that are liberating you today, they have one goal in Mosul, which is to get rid of Daesh and to secure your dignity. They are there for your sake," al-Abadi said, addressing the city's residents and using the Arabic language acronym for the Islamic State group.
"God willing, we shall win," he added, dressed in the uniform of the elite counterterrorism forces and flanked by military commanders.
The push to retake Mosul will be the biggest military operation in Iraq since American troops left in 2011 and, if successful, the strongest blow yet to the ISIS. A statement on al-Abadi's website pledged the fight for the city would lead to the liberation of all Iraqi territories from the militants this year.
In Washington, Defence Secretary Ash Carter called the launch of the operation to liberate Mosul, "a decisive moment in the campaign" to deliver a lasting defeat to ISIS. He said the US and other members of the international coalition stand ready to support Iraqi and Kurdish forces.
A Rushed Operation?
Iraqi forces have been massing around the city in recent days, including elite special forces that are expected to lead the charge into the city, as well as Kurdish forces, Sunni tribal fighters, federal police and Shia militia forces.
South of Mosul, Iraqi military units are based at the sprawling Qayara air base, but to the city's east, men are camped out in abandoned homes as the tens of thousands of troops massed around the city have overwhelmed the few military bases in the area.
Kurdish forces are stationed to the north and east of Mosul, a mostly Sunni city that has long been a centre of insurgent activity and anti-central government sentiment after the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. Iraqi officials have warned that the Mosul operation has been rushed before a political agreement has been set for how the city will be governed after ISIS.
Lt. Col. Amozhgar Taher with Iraq's Kurdish forces, also known as the peshmerga, said his men would only move to retake a cluster of mostly Christian and Shabak villages east of Mosul and would not enter the city itself due to their concern for "sectarian sensitivities."
"To eliminate the threat we must eliminate (ISIS) from Mosul," Taher said at a makeshift base in an abandoned house along the frontline, some 30 kilometers (19 miles) east of Mosul.
The Offensive
Earlier, Iraqi Brig. Gen Haider Fadhil told The Associated Press in an interview that more than 25,000 troops, including paramilitary forces made up of Sunni tribal fighters and Shiite militias, will take part in the offensive that will be launched from five directions around the city.
The role of the Shia militias has been particularly sensitive, as Nineveh, where Mosul is located, is a majority Sunni province and Shia militia forces have been accused of carrying out abuses against civilians in other operations in majority Sunni parts of Iraq.
Fadhil voiced concern about potential action from Turkish troops based in the region of Bashiqa, northeast of Mosul. Turkey sent troops to the area late last year to train anti-ISIS fighters there. But Baghdad has seen the Turkish presence as a "blatant violation" of Iraqi sovereignty and has demanded the Turkish troops withdraw, a call Ankara has ignored.
Military operations are also predicted to displace 2,00,000 to a million people, according to the United Nations. Just a few kilometres from the eastern front line, rows of empty camps for displaced civilians line the road, but aid groups say they only have enough space for some 1,00,000 people.
Most Severe Crisis
The city fell to ISIS fighters during the militants' June 2014 blitz that left nearly a third of Iraq in the extremists' hands and plunged the country into its most severe crisis since the US-led invasion. After seizing Mosul, ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi visited the city to declare an Islamic caliphate that at one point covered nearly a third of Iraq and Syria.
But since late last year, the militants have suffered battlefield losses in Iraq and their power in the country has largely shrunk to Mosul and small towns in the country’s north and west. Mosul is about 360 kilometres (225 miles) northwest of the capital, Baghdad.
The operation to retake Mosul is expected to be the most complex yet for Iraq's military, which has been rebuilding from its humiliating 2014 defeat.
Lt. Gen. Stephen Townsend, commander of Combined Joint Task Force Operation Inherent Resolve, said in a statement that the operation to regain control of Mosul could take "weeks, possibly longer."
Future At Stake?
"It is the future of Iraq at stake," said Aleksandar Milutinovic, the Iraq country director for the International Rescue Committee. He stressed that the population of Mosul is not all supporters of ISIS, "they're just people who had no other opportunity or a place to go" and urged Iraqi forces to "show will and a very serious commitment to protecting civilians and ensuring their wellbeing."
In the midst of a deep financial crisis, the Iraqi government says it lacks the funds to adequately prepare for the humanitarian fallout of the Mosul fight. In some cases, commanders say they are encouraging civilians to stay in their homes rather than flee.
"While we may be celebrating a military victory (after the Mosul operation is complete)," said Falah Mustafa, the foreign minister for Iraq's Kurdish region, "we don't want to have also created a humanitarian catastrophe."
(With Inputs from Reuters and AP)
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