Common Anti-Depressant Drug May Treat Childhood Cancer

In a major study, researchers have found that a commonly prescribed anti-depressant may halt the growth of a type of cancer known as childhood sarcoma.

In mice and laboratory cell experiments, the study, published in the journal Cancer Research, the research team ignited hopes of novel treatment strategies against this disease.

"This study gives us hope for repurposing common drugs for young cancer patients desperately requiring better treatment options," said study lead author Caitrín Crudden from Karolinska Institutet in Sweden.

The study examined commonalities between two large groups of cell surface receptors, the so-called G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs).

GPCRs are targeted by more than half of all developed drugs to treat conditions such as allergies, asthma, depression, anxiety and hypertension, but have so far not been widely used to treat cancers.

RTKs, on the other hand, are targeted by drugs against cancers, such as breast and colon cancers, due to their implication in a variety of cellular abnormalities.

One receptor in the RTK family that plays a key role in many cancers, including childhood sarcoma, is the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R). However, previous attempts to develop anti-cancer drugs against this receptor have failed.

In this study, the researchers scrutinised the IGF1R and found that it shares a signalling module with the GPCRs, meaning it may be possible to affect its function through drugs targeting the GPCRs.

This strategy opens new possibilities of repurposing well-tolerated drugs to silence this tumour-driving receptor and thereby halt cancer growth.

To test their hypothesis, the researchers treated childhood sarcoma cells and mouse models with Paroxetine, an anti-depressant drug that impairs a serotonin reuptake receptor that is part of the GPCR family.

They found that this drug significantly decreased the number of IGF1R receptors on the malignant cells and thereby suppressed the growth of the tumour.

The researchers also uncovered the molecular mechanism behind this cross-targeting.

"We have developed a novel strategy to control the activity of these tumour-driving receptors by striking the GPCRs," said study author Leonard Girnita from Karolinska Institutet.