Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the nation on 8 November 2016 to announce the withdrawal of Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes.
The speech (in English) lasted 25 minutes. The Prime Minister uttered the phrase “black money” 18 times in this speech. He mentioned “fake currency” or “counterfeit” five times in the same speech.
It was unambiguously clear from the Prime Minister’s speech that the primary motivation for the sudden withdrawal of nearly 86 percent of the country’s currency was the evil of black money.
The next day, the papers termed it a “war on black money”. PayTM, a mobile payment app, hailed the decision with a full-page ad and the Prime Minister left for Japan.
By the time the Prime Minister returned from Japan, the move had been christened “demonetisation” in English, “notebandi” in Hindi and there was a war-time like rationing of currency in the country.
The Prime Minister made six speeches across the country on the demonetisation policy between 13 November and 27 November, including his radio address to the nation, ‘Mann Ki Baat’, according to data available on the Prime Minister’s personal website. The text of all the speeches are available on the website.
A data analysis of the speeches (after translation) reveals a shifting of the narrative of demonetisation and its objectives.
In his speech on 8 November 2016, when he announced the demonetisation policy, the Prime Minister used the phrase “black money” four times more than “fake/counterfeit currency”.
By 27 November, he used the phrase “digital/cashless” thrice as much as “black money” with no mention of “fake currency”. Recall, there was zero mention of “digital/cashless” in the initial 8 November speech.
The chart below shows the ratio of the three narratives – “black money”, “fake currency” and “cashless/digital pay” – in each of the Prime Minister’s speeches over three weeks and seven speeches.
In other words, in the same speech, how many times did the Prime Minister use each of these phrases to describe the reasons for demonetisation can be used as a proxy to understand what the Prime Minister believes was the primary objective for this mammoth exercise.
The saffron line representing the “cashless/digital” phrase in the Prime Minister’s speeches went from 0 in the 8 November speech to 73 percent in the 27 November speech.
The green line representing the phrase “fake currency” went from 22 percent to 0 in the same period suggesting that the Prime Minister no longer believes that terror financing was the primary or secondary driver of this demonetisation exercise.
The black line representing the phrase “black money” went from a high of 80 percent on 8 November to only 27 percent on 27 November. Apparently, it is no longer a “war on black money” but instead a “war on all currency” to go cashless.
So, between 8 November and 27 November, the objective of the demonetisation exercise has swung from black money elimination to going cashless, as evident from the Prime Minister’s speeches.
To be sure, urging citizens to use less cash and resort to digital transactions is a laudable objective and must certainly be encouraged. But when a decision was taken to remove a whopping 86 percent of the country’s currency overnight with all its attendant costs, one would have hoped there was one strong rationale for it, even if it meant achieving multiple objectives.
Either the Prime Minister has realised that the original primary objective of eliminating black money may not be met or there was not adequate thought behind the decision.
(Originally published in IndiaSpend. Chakravarty is Senior Fellow in Political Economy at IDFC Institute & Founding Trustee, IndiaSpend. Author thanks Puja Das of IndiaSpend for help with Hindi translation.)
(At The Quint, we question everything. Play an active role in shaping our journalism by becoming a member today.)