Orwellian State: Forget Political Freedom in New India

With Aadhaar and now the ‘hidden numbers’ in electoral bonds, political freedom in India is a myth.

Sensitive information can be accrued through the use of his/her photo. 

(Photo: iStock)

It has been five days since The Quint’s extraordinary exposé which revealed that electoral bonds – allowing individuals to make cashless donations anonymously to political parties – actually have unique codes on them which are visible only under UV light.

The presence of these codes raises the spectre of government monitoring of political funding. Not surprisingly, there has been no reaction from a government that needs a massive national and international push to even respond to graphic cases of rape, murder, or public lynching happening under its watch.

The prospect of total surveillance of political funding is also important in the current political scenario and deserves our utmost attention.

The Government of India today has at its disposal an elaborate architecture of keeping track of its subjects. At the centre of this architecture lies the Aadhaar number, which is linked biometrically to each Indian, thus, uniquely identifying them and all the services that Aadhaar is linked to – details of their bank accounts and transactions, telephone and electronic communication, tax information, details of the government benefits they receive, etc – to anybody who has access to its database.

Given that electoral bonds are to be purchased from banks, and that bank accounts are linked to Aadhaar, it is conceivable and, in fact, likely, that the government can pull up at will the transaction history of each electoral bond, thus linking each donor, howsoever big or small, to the political parties that they donate to.

In doing so, the government has equipped itself to subtly disrupt even basic health, nutrition, and educational services to political dissidents or the donors of its political opponents.

This is also true of any entity, foreign or Indian, private or public, which has been given or can gain access to the Aadhaar database.

It is not whether governments will use this power – the fact remains that modern technology (like Aadhaar), once linked to all aspects of one’s life, will give them unprecedented power.

After all, let us not forget that Nazi Germany would’ve been less efficient at annihilating the Jews had they not had access to national lists of Jews prepared by IBM and other companies.

Lack of Transparency

There exists a frustrating level of opacity about the relevant safeguards on the use of the data that the government is collecting on all of us. There is little clarity on the individual’s right to their own data, the period of time for which any bit of data shall be retained, rights-based restrictions to prevent misuse of data, and what parts of data and under what conditions can be shared with private or foreign entities.

The opacity on these vital aspects is disturbing, and frankly, frightening. Welfare-oriented schemes are typically designed with safeguards and objective scrutiny built in. Current Government of India actions embody the opposite of such practices.

It is clear from the above that, equipped with the secret codes on electoral bonds, combined with the general architecture of surveillance that now exists, the government can minutely track political funding. But, why is that a bad thing? Couldn’t an argument be made that government surveillance over political funding will make the political process, particular elections, more transparent and less corrupt?

It is well known that the absence of transparent funding mechanisms for elections, which are naturally extremely expensive given India’s size and diversity, is one of the major driving forces for corruption. For several decades, in fact, scholars who study Indian politics have examined this trend.

Superficial Measures to Stop Corporate Funding of Parties

Many of those scholars are united, however, in their view that the answer lies in state funding of elections, where parties would be allotted funds based on their performance (in terms of vote share) in previous elections across different levels. The current government of India, on the other hand, claims to be attacking the problem of corruption by introducing electoral bonds.

The idea is to outlaw or disincentivise cash funding of political parties, and have parties funded entirely by electoral bonds, and then for parties to reveal these details in yearly disclosures to the Election Commission.

On the face of it, it is difficult to determine how electoral bonds actually get rid of the problem of large scale corruption associated with corporate funding of political parties – because such funding can continue to take place under the table, as seems to be the practice today.

In fact, recently the government removed long-standing caps on the percentage of corporate profits that can be donated to parties, thus opening up the political scene to even more corporate money. It is the relatively smaller (individual or company) donors who would mostly be targeted by electoral bonds.

While the government claims that parties are not compelled to reveal the names of these relatively small donors, The Quint has exposed that it has nonetheless armed itself with the machinery to track such funding.

It is very worrisome that the government seems to have been caught in an outright lie to the people.

Political Freedom? What’s That?

While it is a worldwide practice to require corporations to reveal details about the politicians or parties they fund, since there can be clear conflicts of interest in such cases, we should be a lot more cautious about doing away with anonymity at the level of individuals’ contribution to political causes.

Individuals don’t have the power or scale of corporations, nor are there conflicts of interest between parties acquiring small funding from individuals and the policies they will enact once in power.

The electoral bond system doesn’t attack the sources of corruption at its roots, which would be done much better through state funding of elections. It arms the government with yet another tool to monitor the citizenry and the opposition. What is troubling is, this is in sync with the government’s push toward ‘cashless’ economy with policies like demonetisation.

As has been extensively noted, most of the ‘black money’ in the economy is held by high net worth individuals and rich corporations, who have access to elaborate international mechanisms to reroute the money and hence make it ‘clean’. The primary goal of demonetization and ‘cashless’ appears to be to allow the government to monitor individuals’ transactions.

The similarity with other policies like demonetisation strengthens the idea that the presence of secret numbers on supposedly anonymous electoral bonds is part of an elaborate surveillance network which has been constructed to monitor virtually all aspects of individuals’ lives. Unless we take prompt action, our basic political freedoms could be in grave peril.

(The writer is a doctoral candidate in philosophy at the University of Missouri, USA. He has taught philosophy at St Stephen’s College, Delhi. He can be reached at @ritwik_agrawal. This is a personal blog and the views expressed above are the author’s own. The Quint neither endorses nor is responsible for the same)