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“Where are the 2 crore jobs as promised by the BJP before coming to power?” asks Madhur Saurav, a resident of Patna, anger palpable in his voice as he further lamented:
Madhur was among 4,000 workers from five states – Delhi, Haryana, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Maharashtra – who had gathered at Delhi’s Ramlila Maidan on 25 March demanding their Right to Employment. After completing his diploma in engineering from a technical institute in Punjab in 2007, Madhur worked in Delhi for two years only to return to his native place in 2012 due to a personal crisis. Since then, finding a job that pays enough has been a struggle, forcing Madhur to take to the streets.
On a day when the entire country was celebrating Ram Navami on 25 March, people representing India’s informal sector participated in a march to the Parliament as they displayed placards with slogans such as ‘Education and employment is my birth right’. All of them think that a new law, the Bhagat Singh National Employment Guarantee Act (BSNEGA), will get rid of their misery.
The slogan ‘Sabko shiksha, sabko kaam, warna hogi neend haram (ensure education and employment else you will lose your sleep)’, echoed as the procession tried to warn politicians not to ignore the problem of job scarcity in an election year.
On 19 March 2018, INLD leader Dushyant Chautala asked the Union Minister of State for Labour and Employment Santosh Kumar Gangwar whether the government has set any targets for job-creation between 2017-19. Gangwar’s reply left everyone stunned as he told the Parliament, “No target has been set by the government.”
The EUS (Employment Unemployment Survey) for 2011-12 conducted by the labour ministry had estimated that 75 percent of the workforce in rural areas and 69 percent of those employed in urban areas belong to the informal sector. Economists have pointed out earlier that since the informal sector doesn’t come under the tax net of the government, it continues to suffer due to lack of policy initiatives.
The protest had the following charter of demands:
Joining the congregation of protesters outside Zakir Hussain College were a few hundred women, representing the Anganwadi Workers’ Union, who have been trying to build pressure on the Delhi government for a hike in their monthly salaries since July last year.
Wearing a badge saying ‘Volunteer’, Monica Sharma, who has been employed as an anganwadi worker in south Delhi’s Badarpur for the last ten years, says, “I want a permanent job that can ensure timely salary.”
Since 1975, an anganwadi or creche has emerged as a learning centre for children aged between 3-6 years in rural and semi-urban areas. There are two staff members at an anganwadi – a worker who ensures children are fed on time, as well as engages them in various activities that helps in psychological development of kids, and a helper who aids her superior. It was a voluntary role with the Delhi government agreeing to pay a monthly remuneration of Rs 200 to an Anganwadi worker and Rs 100 to a helper in 2001 which was increased to Rs 500 per month for a worker and Rs 200 per month for a helper in 2006.
In 2012, the Delhi government led by Sheila Dikshit increased the monthly remuneration of an Anganwadi worker to Rs 5,000 per month and that of a helper to Rs 2,500 per month.
Monica’s husband is employed in a small company, a job she says he could quit anytime, after he suffered losses as a shopkeeper. While her son is pursuing graduation, Monica’s daughter is in class 9.
Monica’s exasperation over low salary turns into anger as she shares how anganwadi workers are exploited by the government that burdens them with additional work but doesn’t pay attention to their woes regarding pay.
Last year, in March, the NDA government had announced that it would extend the facilities of PF (Provident Fund) and ESI (Employees’ State Insurance) to anganwadi workers. However, nothing has moved on this front.
Following the 62-day long protests by anganwadi workers last year, the Kejriwal-led AAP government had sent a proposal to the LG regarding hike in monthly remuneration which has been gathering dust since then.
Can the Right to Employment ensure a secure future for people like Praveen? Sanjay Ruparelia, Associate Professor of politics at the New School for Social Research in New York, believes protests in the name of employment reflect insecurity among the workers belonging to the informal sector.
Ruparelia had authored a research paper in 2013 talking about the pros and cons of rights-based entitlements, a characteristic feature of the erstwhile UPA government.
“I can only write my name,” says Poonam, as she smiles hesitantly when I asked her about educational qualification. Originally a resident of Mahoba, Poonam has been living with her husband in Delhi since 2002. While her husband is a daily wage labourer at a factory, Poonam is a maid by profession. She washes dishes and cleans daily at three houses in her neighbourhood. Though she doesn’t have any specific complaint against her employers, Poonam is finding it difficult to manage her expenses with the money being offered as tankhwah (monthly salary).
Poonam is from Mahoba, in UP’s Bundelkhand region, known for large-scale migration as there are hardly any opportunities in the area.
Perhaps that explains why her parents decided to marry their daughter to a boy working in Delhi. Poonam gets around Rs 5,000 from three houses where she works all seven days a week without a chutti (weekly off). Her husband’s salary is Rs 4,000. An income of Rs 9,000 is simply not enough as Poonam is keen on hiring a private tutor for her school-going children.
The Delhi government insists on hiring maids through placement agencies but hasn’t bothered to fix minimum wages for thousands of women like Poonam whose daily toil is not enough to ensure a steady income.
Wearing a blue denim jean and a purple check shirt, Praveen could easily come across as an IT professional. This 24-year-old, who hails from Kaithal district in Haryana, is unemployed since 2015 after he left his job at the Maruti plant in Gurugram due to poor working conditions.
Disillusioned with his stint in the private sector, Praveen has been applying for various government jobs and is studying at a coaching centre as well in a bid to crack competitive exams.
Praveen thinks that a monthly unemployment allowance under the proposed Bhagat Singh National Employment Guarantee Act (BSNEGA) will be of help till he finds a permanent job. While Praveen and others might sound optimistic about the intended benefits of BSNEGA, fact is that merely granting a right is simply not enough. Despite the enforcement of the Right to Information Act, corruption continues to plague numerous welfare schemes. Similarly, the Right to Food Act was passed in 2013, yet 11-year-old Santoshi Kumar dies of starvation in Jharkhand as rations were denied to her family for not linking ration card with Aadhaar.
Experts like Ruparelia feel that it will be governance at the local level which will ensure the efficiency of a rights-based regime:
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