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The Mumbai Fire Brigade (MFB) answers one call nearly every day regarding a building or its parts having crumbled, fire brigade data show.
There are now more than 14,000 buildings in Mumbai that are over 50 years old and which, due to age-related instability and lack of maintenance, are at risk of collapse. One such building collapsed on July 16, 2019, in Dongri, south Mumbai leaving 14 dead and nine injured, as we reported on July 16, 2019.
Their rents being frozen under the Rent Control Act at decades-old rates, their owners are reluctant to spend on their upkeep, as The Print reported on July 17, 2019. Residents keep staying despite the risk, for the low rents and because, often, ‘transit’ accommodation (for those having to vacate dangerous buildings, provided by the municipal corporation concerned) is not available.
A 2018 disaster management plan of the Mumbai municipal corporation had flagged these buildings, then 16,104, for vulnerability to collapse.
“Apart from the legal hurdles, paucity of funds has slowed down the work of Mumbai Repairs Board considerably,” the document states.
“House collapse is therefore a regular phenomenon and in the absence of adequate ‘transit’ accommodation and emergency shelters become a major requirement in the event of house collapse.”
Mumbai--the city and its suburban regions--home to more than 12 million people--is the second most densely populated city (31,700 people per square kilometre) in the world, after Dhaka (44,500), the World Economic Forum reported in 2017. A large section of this population lives in slums, more than 40% by some estimates.
Mumbai is prone to natural and man-made calamities such as floods; tree falls; structural collapses; landslides; fires in slums, buildings, high rises, industrial units and transport vehicles; and even terrorist attacks.
The city’s vertical growth in the form of highrises and skyscrapers to accommodate its growing population has happened with improper planning and inadequate safety measures, experts say. Old structures are already vulnerable, as we said.
The Mumbai Fire Brigade received 99,393 emergency calls in the six years ending 2018-19, of which 1.8% (1,830) were for house collapse, official data show. This averages to more than 300 house collapse calls every year. These are mostly regarding collapses of minor walls, parts of buildings, parapets or extensions, wooden structures in old chawls and their extensions.
Rescue calls number the highest among emergency calls--38,345 or 39%, and include the rescue of birds, animals and humans. These are followed by fire calls (30% or 29,829) and those such as oil spillage or tree fall requiring other services (29,056 or 29%).
As the data show, fire calls increased 10% over a year to 2018-19. On average, over the last six years, Mumbai’s fire brigade received nearly 5,000 fire calls every year. Short-circuit was the most common reason, fire officials told IndiaSpend.
The city has the “biggest number of high rises still, you can see the old buildings and old infrastructures. These old buildings have old-age wirings, most of the electrical panels are below the staircases,” Rahangdale said.
Too many of these buildings do not have proper evacuation plans. “Many people die due to smoke and less due to fire. So to prevent that you need to have a proper evacuation plan and ways,” said M V Deshmukh, director, government affairs, Fire Safe India Foundation and a former fire adviser to the government of Maharashtra.
Many high rises in Mumbai have a single staircase whereas any building above 15 metre is required to have two. “People at large do not know and they have no choice,” he said, “When you and I go to buy a flat we start number one with the budget, number two with the basic amenities like parking, gym, swimming pool. But people don't bother whether this building is safe.”
By allowing cities to grow vertically, we “exploit the available infrastructure beyond its capacity,” Deshmukh said. “This is not [just] a challenge for the fire service, it is a challenge from many other perspectives--like ambient air quality management, water management drainage, sewage management, traffic management.”
Mumbai is home to more than 130 skyscrapers. Some of these range from 100 metres (30-storeys) to above 250 metres (70 storeys), while the fire brigade's ladders range from 25-90 m only--sufficient only to reach up to under 30 floors.
The Maharashtra Fire Prevention Act makes it the responsibility of the owner or occupier to provide fire prevention and life safety measures. The fire brigade’s inspection cells take “stringent action”, “but practically it is impossible to check each of the buildings,” he said.
“Safety is not a law. It is a culture,” Deshmukh said. The National Building Code lays down several provisions for building construction and for access roads to it; which is between 6 and 9 metres.
“If you are going to construct 100-150 metre tower with hardly any space around it, obviously you are blocking your own arteries with no bypass. If there is only one lane going to that building, then it is bad planning,” Deshmukh said.
Six metres is good enough to mobilise fire trucks and fire engines on a road, Deshmukh said. “But when I open the ladders or fire trucks arms, hydraulic jacks, it requires 7.5 to 9 metres space. Then I require the turning circle inside the building. If I enter from one side I have to move out from the other side,” he said, pointing out how tightly-packed buildings hinder rescue services.
The access road to the building that collapsed in Dongri proved a major hindrance to rescue operations by the fire brigade and the National Disaster Response Force. Dongri is situated in south Mumbai, which houses several old structures and buildings which are more than 100 years old, and is criss-crossed by hundreds of narrow streets.
With 510 cars per kilometre, the most in the country, Mumbai reported the world's worst traffic flow, as per a 2018 traffic index that assessed 403 cities in 56 countries.
To work around traffic delays, the fire brigade has set up 17 mini-fire stations across the city for a quick response.
Illegal parking is another major hurdle, to prevent which the fire brigade is already working with the traffic department, Rahangdale said. The municipal corporation, in July 2019, increased the fine for illegal parking across the city, ranging from Rs 5,000 (for two-wheelers) to Rs 15,000 (for heavy vehicles); it can go up to Rs 23,250 for late payment.
(This was first published on IndiaSpend and has been republished with permission.)
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