Girl Power: Educating Girls Can Reduce India’s Population Spiral

“Education is the best contraceptive pill,” says Poonam Muttreja, executive director, Population Foundation of India

Image used for representation.

(Photo: The Quint/Athar Rather)

If a girl in India studies for 12 years or more – till the age of 18 – she is less likely to have teenage pregnancy, less likely to have shorter interval between children, and less likely to have more than two children during her lifetime, according to the latest national health data.

A woman with 12 years or more of education has her first child at the median age of 24.7, which is 3.7 years more than the median age of first pregnancy (21) for women between 25 to 49 years, according to the National Family Health Survey 2015-16 (NFHS-4) report.

A woman with no schooling has her first child at 20.

Almost one-third – or 33.6 percent – of India’s population is born of adolescent pregnancies; delaying the onset of child bearing could reduce India’s projected 2050 population of 1.7 billion by more than a quarter, IndiaSpend reported on 12 January.

If a woman studies for 12 years or more, she has an average of 2.01 children, compared to 2.2 for all women and 3.82 for women with no education, based on the mean number of children born to women aged 45 to 49 – a period that marks the end of a woman’s fertility.

Postponing first births and extending the interval between births have played a role in reducing fertility in many countries.

NFHS-4 Report

The total fertility rate for women – the number of children she will have in a lifetime –between 15 to 49 years is even lower at 1.71 for women with more than 12 years of education compared with 3.06 to women with no education and 2.2 for all women.

“Education is the best contraceptive pill,” said Poonam Muttreja, executive director, Population Foundation of India, an advocacy working on family planning.

There is enough global evidence showing that educating women can reduce the fertility rate of countries, Muttreja said. “Now, national evidence also points that educating women can be a good population control strategy.”

(Source: National Family Health Survey 2015-16)

(Source: National Family Health Survey, 2015-16)

*Mean number of children ever born to women aged 40-49

Only 4 percent of women with 12 years or more of education have teenage pregnancies compared with 8 percent for all women and 20 percent for women with no schooling.

Child bearing at a very young age is associated with increased risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth and higher rates of neonatal mortality.

Children born to educated mothers have higher chances of survival; under five mortality – deaths per 1,000 live births of children under five – of children whose mothers had no schooling was 67.5 while it was less than half (26.5) for children of mothers who had more than 12 years of schooling, IndiaSpend reported on 16 January.

A woman with more than 12 years of education waits three years (35.7 months) to have another child, compared to 31.3 months for women with no schooling.

Birth intervals of less than 24 months can harm newborns and their mothers, causing preterm births, low birth weight and death.

Only 21.5 percent women aged 15 to 49 had studied for more than 12 years, compared to 29.6 percent of men.

In 2017, only one in five adolescents – 14 to 18 years – had completed eight years of schooling, and by 18, 32 percent females are not enrolled in schools against 28 percent males, according to the latest Annual Survey of Education Report, IndiaSpend reported on 17 January.

(This article has bee published in an arrangement with IndiaSpend)